What is the cause of Cancer?

March 25, 2022

WHAT CAUSES CANCER ?

Despite the obvious lack of a single answer, this is a very commonly asked question. I will barely scratch the surface here.

When we think of cancer, we think of tissue cells that suddenly become overactive. The cells now endlessly divide, grow, and even move out of their home organs in order to invade other organs. Like unwanted guests, they burrow into other organs, claim illegal space and take over the function of other organs, eventually killing them.

Something must have gone wrong within the inside of a cell, causing it to actively make more of itself. Something must have gone wrong within the inside of a cell, causing it to actively make more of itself. Normal cells stop multiplying when the space becomes too crowded. Cancer cells don’t stop. This is what we call “loss of contact inhibition.”

There is also a phenomenon unique to cancers, and that is the loss of their ability to die! Or failure of “apoptosis. “ (Greek word meaning to fall off).

BASIC CELL MACHINERY-

"PARTS OF THE CELL"

The cell also has two main parts, the nucleus and the mitochondria, plus many other organelles.

Like a computer, all cells have a hard drive serving as the brain (this is the nucleus) and a main energy source or battery pack (the mitochondria).

Add to this we have other peripherals (Golgi bodies, ribosome, lysosomes) like a mouse, camera, microphone and a keyboard, all important but which are not central players.

 

Dateline 2016:

It is clear that even with the latest ground breaking discoveries in immunology and targeted cancer therapies, in the majority of cancer cases, we still have not nailed down the cure.

We can treat, extend life, and in early stages of cancer, might even be able to cure. But in most cases of advanced stage cancers, the aim of surgery, chemotherapy or radiation is sadly only to prolong the inevitable.

One main cause of cancer is having TOO MANY BIRTHDAYS.


But what happens after you blow out your Nth candle?

Just like a political election process, there is a leading candidate and an underdog. The forerunner in this case is a supporter of the more popular GENETIC BASIS OF CANCER theory. This theory proposes that something has gone wrong within the “genes”. The current underdog is the METABOLIC THEORY candidate.

 

THE GENETIC THEORY

 

A good analogy would be to think that each cell is like a car, each with its own chauffeur (in this case the chauffeur contains the nuclear DNA, which is a ladder shaped coiled structure and is an important part of our chromosomes, much like the hard drive is in control of a computer).

This NUCLEUS located in the center of a cell is the mastermind controlling the many essential cellular processes needed to survive and grow.

When we age, like a car, things start breaking down within the hard drive or nucleus.

The proposed target is the nuclear DNA, (Recall that this is that helical ladder like structure that rests within the nucleus). Nicks or cracks begin to develop in the rungs of this DNA ladder, or parts of the nucleic acid rungs get damaged or start falling off .

The genetic theory blames this “mutation” or “defect” for the loss of the cell’s ability to contain itself. It now rapidly multiplies without concern for the limited space, and in addition, they also lose the ability to die.

It follows that if we identify the defect, then we can fix it and the cancer will be gone.

Hence the race to identify all the genetic mutations that exist within cancers of every type. The belief is once we identify the mutation, we can produce a drug that will cure it.

 

THE METABOLIC THEORY

Evidence is emerging regarding the METABOLIC THEORY of cancer. It is an old theory, popular more than 80 years ago. It lost popularity and research basically fizzled when pharmaceutical companies began developing more effective drugs. This field of though especially in relation to cancer only recently began to resurface. 1–3 Again we can also blame too many birthdays for this. The breakdown is inevitable, but the metabolic theory looks at the defects of the energy production process rather than at the nuclear DNA defects.

 

DEFECTIVE POWER PACKS- "MITOCHONDRIA"

As we get older, the mitochondria becomes more easily damaged. The processes that produce the energy found inside the “battery pack” or mitochondria simply are not working as well as before. There is a process within the mitochondrial battery pack which I can compare to a warehouse sweatshop. Normally there are chains of workers inside, hurriedly passing around electrons and oxygen atoms, from one worker to another, trying to produce quality energy fuel for the cell. Without getting too technical here, this is where the “high energy batteries” are made. In cancer cells, the mitochondria or main energy machine, becomes damaged by outside forces. Reactive oxygen species (a highly charged type of oxygen atom) is one offender, and the inside of the mitochondria becomes dysfunctional. The energy output decreases, and so the energy production has to rely on a smaller backup generator, which is located outside of the mitochondria. This backup generator (a process called glycolysis) produces only a smaller amount of energy, but enough to survive a power failure. It also happens to rely heavily on glucose! So it appears that the small backup generator is working overtime even when there is no power outage. This is cancer, the backup generator /machinery (glycolysis) that drives it is running at full speed even though there is no power outage in the main (normal cells) building.

Mitochondria also affect the normal cell's dying process. Defective ones have immortal cancer cells due to the processes seen in the diagram at the top of this page. More discussion for another day though.

 

TOO MUCH STIMULATION-

"INSULIN GROWTH FACTORS"

That is not all. There is also insulin. Population research shows that diabetics have higher rates of cancer compared to non diabetics. 4–7 When the body receives carbohydrates, it is turned into glucose. Glucose causes insulin to rise. Insulin is what pushes glucose to enter the cell in order to be used. After years of excessive glucose intake, the body fails to recognize insulin and it becomes “insulin resistant”. The levels of insulin begin to rise. The high insulin blood levels leads to more IGF or “ insulin growth factors “ which are linked to higher cancer rates. Animal studies show that by controlling glucose intake we can manipulate the insulin growth factor pathway into prolonging lifespans. 8

Slowing down the aging process

Autophagy


http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/31630/title/How-Autophagy-Works/

Autophagy. Greek word meaning "Auto"- means “self” , "Phagy" is “to engulf or to eat”

“To eat oneself”. The cell the ability to remove defective particles including defective mitochondria, encourage regeneration, and slow down tumor growth. During starvation, the body adapts by revving up the autophagy process, as a survival mechanism. Similar to the garbage collectors on strike, when autophagy is low, the house will not function efficiently. 9–11


Fasting can offer the same benefits of short term starvation. When you fast, you are effectively renewing yourself. A low carbohydrate diet can also mimic fasting. Exercise activates AMPK (AMP protein kinase, which is an enzyme that inhibits tumor signaling called mTOR) and slowdown tumor growth and multiplication. Exercise also lengthens telomeres, the caps seen at the end of chromosomes. Telomeres shorten with age. By preserving telomere length exercise , fasting and sensible dieting can potentially prolong the aging process , and lower the risk for cancer.

 

 

References:

  1. Chen EI. Mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer metastasis. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2012;44(6):619-622. doi:10.1007/s10863-012-9465-9.
  2. Vidali S, Aminzadeh S, Lambert B, et al. Mitochondria: The ketogenic diet - A metabolism-based therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2015;63:55-59. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.022.
  3. Shaw RJ. Glucose metabolism and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006;18(6):598-608. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.10.005.
  4. Giovannucci E. Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and colon cancer: a review of the evidence. J Nutr. 2001;131(11 Suppl):3109S - 20S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11694656.
  5. Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D. Minireview: IGF, insulin, and cancer. Endocrinology. 2011;152(7):2546-2551. doi:10.1210/en.2011-0231.
  6. Dunn SE, Kari FW, French J, et al. Dietary restriction reduces insulin-like growth factor I levels, which modulates apoptosis, cell proliferation, and tumor progression in p53-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 1997;57(21):4667-4672.
  7. Fine EJ, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Feinman RD, et al. Targeting insulin inhibition as a metabolic therapy in advanced cancer: A pilot safety and feasibility dietary trial in 10 patients. Nutrition. 2012;28(10):1028-1035. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.001.
  8. Clancy DJ, Gems D, Harshman LG, et al. Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein. Science. 2001;292(5514):104-106. doi:10.1126/science.1057991.
  9. Chen N, Karantza-Wadsworth V. Role and regulation of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Res. 2009;1793(9):1516-1523. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.12.013.
  10. Hippert MM, O’Toole PS, Thorburn A. Autophagy in cancer: Good, bad, or both? Cancer Res. 2006;66(19):9349-9351. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1597.
  11. Levine B. Cell biology: autophagy and cancer. Nature. 2007;446(7137):745-747. doi:10.1038/446745a.
  12. https://www.tasciences.com/what-is-a-telomere/

Exploring the Link Between Cancer and Weight Loss:

March 14, 2024
Breaking Down the Fear  Ketogenic diets often result in weight loss. Cancer patients frequently lose weight. Does this mean that keto diets are harmful to use in cancer patients? Cancer and weight loss are two topics that often come hand in hand, yet the relationship between them can be complex and sometimes frightening. Weight loss, particularly unexplained or rapid, can evoke fear in many individuals, often signaling underlying severe health concerns. However, when it comes to cancer, weight loss can sometimes be one of the earliest signs of the disease. In today's blog, we delve into the connection between cancer and weight loss, unraveling why the latter often instills fear and how understanding this relationship can lead to better health outcomes. Understanding Cancer and Weight Loss: Cancer involves uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal spread of cells throughout the body. These invading cells affect various organs and systems and disrupt their normal function. Weight loss can be very subtle or profound depending on the type of organ invaded. As cancer takes root and establishes itself, it also spews out cytokines (unique inflammatory proteins) that also serve as signal messengers, signaling muscles to lose volume, resulting in a weight loss phenomenon known as cachexia. Cachexia is a complex syndrome. Inflammation is often at the root of this problem, of profound muscle wasting, generalized fatigue, and poor appetite, Why Are We Afraid of Weight Loss? Weight loss, in general, is often perceived negatively in society. There's a prevailing notion that thinness equates to health, beauty, and success, while weight loss may imply illness or a lack of control. However, when weight loss occurs without intentional dieting or exercise, it can be a red flag for underlying health issues, including cancer. In cancer, especially, the presence of weight loss is disturbing because we traditionally associate it with illness. Association with Illness: Unexplained weight loss is commonly associated with illness, particularly severe conditions like cancer. The fear of the unknown and the potential implications of such weight loss can be daunting for individuals. To be of "normal" weight is equated with health. Loss of Control: Weight loss, especially rapid or involuntary, can make individuals feel like they've lost control over their bodies. This loss of power can be unsettling and exacerbate feelings of anxiety or fear. Uncertainty: Weight loss without a clear cause can be perplexing and raise questions about what might happen within the body. The uncertainty surrounding the underlying cause can contribute to fear and anxiety. During chemotherapy, however, weight loss is inevitable because we are in a catabolic state. The active cancer is making us lose weight. The key is to control or snuff out the underlying cancer. Once you weaken the tumor, less cytokine release and less inflammation will follow. As this occurs, the "source" of the cytokine release will die, and weight gain should naturally recover. Therefore, loading up on carbohydrates to make us appear to be of "normal weight" is incorrect. Loading up on sugary treats will only strengthen the cancer and will only be counterproductive! Conclusion: The fear of weight loss, particularly in the context of cancer, is understandable, given the potential implications for health and well-being. However, by understanding the complex relationship between cancer and weight loss and challenging societal stigmas, we can accept some form of healthy weight loss during chemotherapy. We can learn to recognize unhealthy weight loss (loss of muscle mass) and differentiate it from healthy weight loss during a ketogenic diet (most of which is weight loss from fat and excess water). As long as one feels energetic, with normal blood parameters and no indication of significant liver or kidney failure, anemia, or marrow failure, then some healthy weight loss during chemotherapy or implementation of a ketogenic diet CAN be acceptable.

GINGER ALE DURING CHEMOTHERAPY

March 4, 2024
Are you still drinking "ginger ale" during your chemotherapy sessions? You know, those gleaming, chilled cans of sparkly soda that your cheerful chemotherapy nurse hands out along with your anti nausea pills?  The scent and the taste of ginger help nausea stay away. But did you know that your "ginger ale" contains no ginger? Worse, the HFCS high fructose corn syrup, a highly processed sugar, can do you more harm than good. And making your cancer cells really happy. Next time you go for your chemo session, ask for water instead. Or better yet, bring your own ginger-infused drink from home. Here is some background about ginger. For centuries, ginger has been used as a remedy for nausea and digestive issues, and some scientific evidence supports its effectiveness. Here are some examples. Morning Sickness: Pregnant women often experience morning sickness, and ginger has been traditionally used to alleviate these symptoms. Several studies have shown that ginger can reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. For example, a meta-analysis published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research in 2014 concluded that ginger supplementation significantly reduced the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women without any significant side effects. Motion Sickness: Ginger is effective in reducing motion sickness. A study published in Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 1986 found that ginger was more effective than a placebo in reducing symptoms of motion sickness. Subsequent studies have supported these findings, suggesting ginger can alleviate symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and cold sweating associated with motion sickness. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea: Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy experience nausea and vomiting. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2009 published a review that analyzed several randomized controlled trials and found that ginger supplementation could reduce the severity of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Postoperative Nausea: Nausea and vomiting are common after surgery. A meta-analysis published in the journal Integrative Cancer Therapies in 2012 found that ginger effectively reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting compared to a placebo. However, we need more research to fully understand its mechanisms and best dosage. Everyone responds differently, but ginger, in its natural form, is usually safe to take during chemotherapy. Just make sure its the real thing! Photo credit Dan Sorum @ unsplash

Welcome to all our new members

January 30, 2023
Welcome to all our new members

Getting Started On A Keto Diet

May 17, 2022
Getting started on the keto diet usually sounds like someone is trying to lose weight? When you add cancer to that recipe, it becomes a whole new ball game. Do any of these thoughts sound familiar? “ I want to fight my cancer , and I heard that this diet can help me heal “ “ I’m confused because the keto diet will make me lose weight” “I’m afraid to lose more weight.” “I can’t afford to lose weight! “ “When is weight loss just right, and when is it too much? “ Is there real hope for me? Over the past two decades, I’ve seen my share of cancer patients. Yup, the whole package - diagnosis, anxiety, chemo, radiation, hair loss, weight loss, and, failures. But, I also saw many patients who achieve clean CT scans, remission, happy news, hair growth, and of course, the coveted weight gain. I have my own collection of patients with stage four cancers, a few have actually reached their ten to twelve year anniversary with me. Most of them have made it past five years and some are in complete remission. Yes, stage four to stage zero! How did they do it? You may have come to this website, searching for answers. I wish that I could tell you all that I know, in one sentence, but I can’t. It usually takes me several office visits to educate my patients. For now, you can stick around, and try to absorb the knowledge from current posts. Take time to read through my past blogs. Signup for a keto conference. There is one coming up very soon. The MHS 2022 in Santa Barbara California. May 5 to 8. Read books, and more books. You might be surprised. Not all books are the same. Some are full of dense material, while some are mostly fluff. But eventually, you will find the right book for you. Join me in one of my subgroups. But you need to fit the profile and be past the beginners stage when you join. Or you might get bored! I do show up there from time to time, to break the ice. And by the way, when you are stuck and can’t find the answers you are looking for...you need to make your voice heard and post your questions. What if my cancer doctor doesn’t approve? If your cancer doctor doesn’t know much about the keto lifestyle, or about metabolic approaches to cancer, don’t lose hope. Try to educate them, Share your knowledge. Even if they are at first resistant, with time, some will marvel at your progress and will notice that you are doing better than their average patients. Finally... the number one question that shows up on my blog.... What diet is best for me? I’m so CONFUSED! “ Dr. XXX on YouTube said that a keto diet and weight loss is good for cancer, but another doctor YYY said the opposite, that I should eat, healthy carbs, more plants, fruit , avoid fat and protein, try to gain weight. “ Dr. WWW advocates a vegan diet, but Dr ZZZ said do a carnivore diet.... , help!!!! Let me know your thoughts in the comments below!

New drug for relapsed Glioblastoma, a deadly form of brain cancer

March 30, 2022
There is exciting news on the horizon for glioblastoma, which is a deadly form of brain cancer. Have you heard of activated T cell therapy? It is similar to the car-T cell therapies that you often hear about for blood cancers. Well, this form of therapy is now available for patients with brain cancers. The catch is, you must enroll in a clinical trial. It is not yet available to the public. To qualify, one must have glioblastoma, a form of brain cancer , and cancer must have relapsed after the first diagnosis. Patients who are interested are now able to ask for information about enrolment at the Cedars Sinai Medical Centre in Los Angeles. This trial will be classified under a Phase one type of clinical trial. The drug company, Kairos pharma is the sponsor. This exciting new therapy, otherwise known as KROS 201, is a form of activated T cell therapy. The patient’s white blood cells are first harvested. Blood is removed by a simple intravenous blood draw, and then sent off to the lab to be processed in a cell culture. In the lab, the white blood cells are primed by exposing them to small protein substances called cytokines. This process will in turn activate the white blood cells, specifically the killer T cells. Once activated, these cells can now fight cancer by inactivating cancer stem cells. The T cells are returned to the patient’s body by intravenous infusion. The link for enrolment is not yet available but do keep checking on www.clinicaltrials.gov

Mistletoe plus chemotherapy in non small cell lung cancer

March 25, 2022
Iscador, a type of mistletoe preparation was tested by a medical team in Israel alongside conventional chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with advanced non small cell lung cancer. Although no improvement in survival or quality of life was noted,non hematological side effects from the chemotherapy and hospitalizations were less in the group which received the mistle toe preparation. Possible yet unproven mechanisms of action include improvement of immune function via increasing the number of NK natural killer cells as well as improve the function of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. Fever which is also a noted side effect of this preparation has been described prior to spontaneous regression of certain cancers such as melanoma implying a possible role of immunotherapy in the fight against cancer. No randomized trials on cancer patients have yet been published. 

Brain cancer – Challenges with the ketogenic diet

March 25, 2022
We made little progress in the way of survival in the treatment of malignant brain tumors, specifically the deadly glioblastoma multiform. Despite aggressive surgery followed by radiation therapy and precautionary chemotherapy, they relapse early and survival is measured in months. Patients rarely survive beyond a year. Alternative therapies abound with few successes. Some patients attempt to enroll in clinical trials in search of new drugs that might make a difference in their survival.  There is a biologic treatment available. It is the monoclonal antibody called Bevacizumab. It supposedly controls the growth of blood vessels that supply nutrition to the brain tumor. Shrinking the blood supply supposedly starves the tumor. Very exciting, but nonetheless isn't a cure. Long term survivors still remain a rarity. There is mounting interest in metabolic basis of cancer development. In this respect, I do feel that ketogenic diets have potential benefit in brain cancer patients. The role of sugar and carbohydrates in the progression of brain tumors is interesting. Since most patients also are on steroids to improve brain swelling. It is also bad for them because this also increases their blood glucose. I wonder, if we are indeed adding fuel to the fire. A few case reports of brain tumor patients who were offered the ketogenic diet showed that some tumors stopped growing while others improved their survival. Notably, upon discontinuation of the diet, the tumor was noted to again progress, only to regain control upon reinitiation. Currently there are 4 clinical trials ongoing in the United States involving the ketogenic diet in the treatment of various forms of cancer. Another is ongoing in Germany. More clinical trial participation is desperately needed if we are going to move ahead and forge any progress with this deadly cancer. =

Lonsurf, newly approved colon cancer drug

March 25, 2022
Three weeks ago I got word that another new chemotherapy drug has been approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Ideal candidates for this drug are patients who failed previous chemotherapy involving one of the following drugs: 5-Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan, Cetuximab (also known as Erbitux) and Avastin ( also known as Bevacizumab).This new drug has two active components, trifluridine and tipiracil. Trifluridine is a new nucleoside analog. In other words, a nucleoside is a nitrogen containing biologic compound linked to a sugar, which when phosphorylated, turns into a nucleotide, which is a vital part of the DNA backbone. Trifluridine therefore is a nucleoside analog, meaning it isn't but acts like a nucleoside. It incorporates itself into the DNA structure and interferes with cell growth and proliferation. Tipiracil inhibits the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, which catalyzes the degradation of Trifluridine, thus allowing it to last longer. Thymidine phosphorylase by itself has pro-angiogenic properties, meaning it promotes blood vessel formation and encourages better blood supply of tumors, so Tipiracil directly stops this advantage. Furthermore, Tipiracil by stopping thymidine phosphorylase, prevents the formation of thymine and 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate. 2DARP is a strong reducing sugar product of thymidine catabolism and causes increased oxidative stress within tumors, promotes release of more tumor blood vessel promoting factors ( angiogenic growth factors) such as interleukin-8, vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 an enzyme which breaks down collagen and extracelular matrix, which is key in promoting tumor metastases. This three mode action of tipiracil ( inhibits thymine production, thymidine phosphorylase VEGF activity, stops ROS and MMP-1 , VEGF and cytokine production)- makes it more attractive since it can potentiate the action of the common colorectal chemotherapy drug 5- fluorouracil whose main action is to inhibit formation of thymine. The RECOURSE trial, a —international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer apparently resulted in statistically significant improvement in overall survival and progression free survival . The drug is given orally, twice a day, for two straight weeks, minus weekends, followed by a two week break. Side effects are listed as anemia, neutropenia, asthenia/fatigue, nausea, —thrombocytopenia, decreased appetite, diarrhea,vomiting, abdominal pain,—pyrexia. Since it is barely a month since FDA approval ( Sept. 24, 2015) it still has not hit our pharmacy shelves. I am however eager to try this. Will update you again in a few months. 

Getting into ketosis

March 25, 2022
How long does it take to get into a state of clinical ketosis? By ketosis, I mean the levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid reaching to above normal levels yet not high enough to bring you into a medical emergency such as ketoacidosis. As little as a day is all it takes. You an achieve this in different ways. The most common and sure fire method is to simply stop eating. If you fast and only limit your intake to water or sugarless herbal , which technically has ZERO calories, you will achieve a state of ketosis in no time. Another way is to try fasting for 15 hours a day, or roughly, just eat one full meal daily. this should bring you into ketosis too, though not all 24 hours are involved. If you try a ketogenic diet, that means, you will be limiting your carbohydrate intake to approximately 20% of your total daily intake, and take the rest in the form of fats ( 70-75%) and proteins (5 to 10%).  Monitoring your progress will be helpful. A simple glucometer will suffice. Individual serum Ketone sticks, readily available from Amazon.com or special order through your pharmacy can be used to check your ketone levels throughout the week.

Update on clinical trials of the ketogenic diet in cancer

March 25, 2022
Several clinical trials are ongoing throughout the United States at the moment.  The University of Iowa Department of Radiation Oncology is running a couple of Phase I trials on the use of the ketogenic diet plus radiation and chemotherapy in head and neck cancers, and they also have another which studies the ketogenic diet plus chemoradiation in non-small cell lung cancers and pancreatic cancer. Michigan State University has one which recruited brain cancers, also known as glioblastomas, a very deadly type of brain cancer. Duke University recently began a randomized trial studying the ketogenic diet plus androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer , using the ketogenic diet versus a control standard diet. Unfortunately per recent info posted on the clinicaltrials.gov website, the trial was terminated as of December 2015, due to lack of funding, and due to the principal investigator leaving . Closer to home, the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Pittsburgh has their own trial which recently concluded in 2015. This trial recruited patients with advanced solid tumors across broad tumor types and patients dieted up to 16 weeks or until tolerated. The results have not yet been publicly released as it is currently under manuscript review.
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